As a matter of noting impactful history as it’s occurring, a report presented at the March 9/10 Metis National Council’s (MNC), “Métis Identity, Citizenship & Homeland” conference in Saskatchewan, shocked many in attendance. It uncovered a troubling history that has led to serious issues for the Metis, now currently embroiled in what amounts to a ‘hostile takeover’ of their nation.
I shouldn’t have been surprised, let alone shocked about what we learned, because I am already well-aware of the immense issue for the Metis Nation in having to defend its identity and rights again. I’m well-versed in the history of the thousands of Canadians who more recently claim to be Metis, although many are seriously mistaken at best and others are purely fraudulent at worst.
The report presented wasn’t about those thousands of claims outside of the historical Metis communities, i.e.) those from regions in, and east of, Quebec. It concentrated on the claims of the legitimate Metis Nation’s own affiliate, the Metis Nation Ontario (MNO), one of five MNC affiliates.
Many already knew the MNO was fraught with membership filled with illegitimate claims of Metis ancestry and in 2019 they admitted to an overwhelming number; perhaps 90% of their membership, they said.
That was an astounding statement and regardless of the accuracy of that estimation, what percentage would they consider acceptable? That wasn’t the only issue at hand. The affiliate was also called into question after working unilaterally with the Province of Ontario government in 2017 to grant ‘historical Metis settlement’ status to 6 regions in Ontario outside of the Metis Nation historical homeland boundaries. The MNC, its other affiliate presidents and the Metis citizens were not included in that process.
(Update: in 2021, the MNO published approx. 77+% were non-Metis, thus they coined a new term, “Ontario Metis”, while continuing to use the cultural artifacts of the Red River Metis Nation).
Essentially then, the MNO is therefore mainly comprised of Ontarians of various ancestry who self-declared they were Metis and were accepted and seemingly legitimized by the MNO. If there are enough of these individuals in a particular region, this is taken as proof of the existence of a historical Métis “community”.
In November of 2018, the MNC and the other affiliates, with the exception of Alberta – which apparently has serious leadership [and membership] issues according to statements made at the March 10 meeting – voted to put the MNO on probation for one year to allow time to sort and re-register their members to fit the criteria of Metis Nation identity. Incidentally, that criteria aren’t different from any other world nation, which include immediate relation to the ancestry of the known Metis Nation families. The criteria was unanimously ratified by the Metis Nation in 2002. The MNO participated in that ratification and in its affirmation in 2013.
Back to 20 years later, and the one-year MNO probation term is over. The MNC, for which leadership is voted for & provided by its affiliate presidents, requested to review the new registers. The MNO responded with an incredulous refusal, stating they had their own ‘independent oversight’ and that the MNC were unwelcome ‘outsiders’.
They’d essentially announced they were a nation unto themselves and they went to Canada directly to try to create that into fact. They called it a ‘self-governance agreement’, which the government called ‘a step toward self-governance agreement’. What that will turn out to be is another story, but a main point is a clause in the agreement that states the MNO will get to decide for itself who is “Metis”.
An easy out compared to having to tell thousands of Ontarians they’re not Metis, some of whom hold influential positions in general society. There are also millions of dollars at stake in annual funding to oversee programs meant for the Indigenous, and specifically for, the Metis. If the MNO were to fail at attaining a new, unrelated pan-Indigenous nation recognized by Canada, that would make some of those members, not Metis, but non-status First Nations. Likely a good number would simply be recognized as non-Indigenous Canadians.
That’s the background to the March 9/10 MNC meeting. Here’s part of what’s stunning. The background historical research used by the MNO and the Ontario Government to justify inclusion of Ontario-based regions/people sometimes reads like a middle school copy & pasted book report. The conflations of ancestral claims are so flimsy in places, that at one point they barely bothered to provide evidence before bestowing the Metis flag to one region.
As is commonly practised by ‘self-identifiers’ in the further east, the Metis titles given by the MNO were based on claims of ancestry in nations unrelated to the Metis; on ancestors who were Europeans re-made into Indigenous; on ancestors that were and still are known as First Nations, whose descendants still live on the same reserves; by claiming First Nations villages were Metis; or as one person at the meeting stated, if a picture of their grandparents ‘looked Native’ to the registrar, they would be accepted. These people now outnumber the legitimate Metis in Ontario.
Excluding the MNO, the fight today is from within, from those who would allow anyone of any Indigenous ancestry to claim to be Metis vs. those who denounce the pan-Indigenous idea over their own unique, rich and richly established history, which included the herculean win in 1982 to achieve the recognition and rights to Section 35 of the Constitution for that nation.
Update: On September 29, 2021, the Manitoba Metis Federation, known as the heart of the Metis Nation homeland, withdrew from the Metis National Council in protest of its affiliate’s re-acceptance of the MNO into the MNC without proof of a Metis registry. Since then, the MNO has removed some of their more problematic membership claims, but has openly published its new version of identity parameters that extend their membership to over 77% unrelated to the Metis Nation. Unfortunately, they continue to call that registry, “Metis”.
RL
August 6, 2025 – The Chiefs of Ontario are calling on the province to release all the evidence and analysis used to justify the 2017 identification of the six “so-called historic Métis communities” in the province.
July 23, 2025 – Wabun tribal council released yet another academic report that challenges the MNO claims of historical existence of politically and culturally distinct “Métis” communities in northern Ontario/Great Lakes region.
May 22, 2025 – New research, Assessing MNO Historical Claims to Rights in SON Territory, released today: “The Chiefs of Ontario stands in full support of the Saugeen Ojibway Nation in their release of Assessing Métis Historical Claims to Rights in SON Territory Report, which serves to protect their homelands and the assertion of their inherent rights and jurisdiction on their traditional and Treaty territories,” said Ontario Regional Chief Abram Benedict.
The report, prepared by two award-winning scholars, Dr. Heidi Bohaker, Professor of History at the University of Toronto, and Dr. Chandra Murdoch, a Post-Doctoral Fellow at Osgoode Hall Law School, was initiated in response to concerns from the Saugeen Ojibway Nation (SON) about claims being made by the Métis Nation of Ontario (MNO) and the Historic Saugeen Métis (HSM) in their territory.
A worthy note made by Dr. Darryl Leroux – “There have now been 9 academics from fields as diverse as history, law, sociology, Indigenous studies, anthropology, and political science who have independently examined the MNO’s claims. Each time, they have found that the 2017 recognition of the MNO’s 7 new communities was a serious mistake by the Government of Ontario.”
May 20, 2025 – Manitoba Métis Federation and Chiefs of Ontario renew calls for government and institutional action in addressing Indigenous identity fraud
September 20, 2024 dated letter from Glen McCallum, MNS President to MNO President, Margaret Froh, appearing to set up backroom collaborations is discovered and made public. The letter undermines the MNS resolution of September 19, 2024; media attention; and the MNS constituents.
September 19 2024 – Final MNS resolution to resign from the Metis National Council (MNC) citing the lack of verifiable Metis registry of the MNO
September 18, 2024 – a new research study on the MNO’s “new historical Metis communities” for the Metis Nation SK presentation to the MNC finds the same conclusions by previous research reports looking into the MNO claims.
The MMF invite citizens and the public to read the report provided by Dr. Darryl Leroux, doctorate in Sociology and Anthropology, Assoc. Prof., Department of Social Justice and Community Studies at Saint Mary’s University, Prof. Darren O’Toole, Metis, Faculty of Law, University of Ottawa, Métis scholar Dr. Jennifer Adese, and professional genealogist, Gail Morin
An update to on the added communities by the MNO was prepared in October, 2020, which can be viewed and downloaded here:
October 2023 – The Sault Ste. Marie “Métis” Community and “Halfbreed Petition”
Prepared for Robinson-Huron Waawiindemaagewin
by Drs. Celeste Pedri-Spade & Darryl Leroux
This report was commissioned by Robinson Huron Waawiindamaagewin in August 2023 as part of the research they’ve been leading
about the Métis Nation of Ontario’s (MNO) political claims in Robinson-Huron territory. The purpose of this latest project is twofold:
- to assess to what extent historical reports and academic literature on the so-called Sault Ste. Marie Métis
apply a consistent definition of “Métis” (specifically one that reflects more than just the presence of “mixedblood” individuals); and - to establish whether and/or to what extent this same research engages with Anishinabek history and governance in the MNO’s discussion of what it calls the SSM “Halfbreed Petition.”
Our findings confirm that the research reports and academic literature that are often cited to legitimize the existence of a distinct Métis
community in the Sault Ste. Marie region lack scholarly rigour in their use and understanding of the term “Métis.”
September 2023 – Examples of the false evidence used bythe Métis Nation of Ontario and the Province of Ontario to invent the historic Métis communityof Killarney & Environs
Statements by MNC November 19, 2020: Tri-council says it’s not leaving Metis National Council, but stalemate continues
February 3, 2021 Claims of ‘new’ Métis communities in Ontario rejected by MMF’s research document
February 5, 2021: Statement on the MNO “root ancestors” by Gail Morin, noted genealogist of Metis families for 30+ yrs and author of over 80 books
“Like it or not the majority of MNO root ancestors are French Canadian, status or Non-status”
“It took me a year or so to even get past the list of root ancestors available online c2018, but about 14 months ago I started looking. The MNO root list isn’t particularly user friendly and probably someone inexperienced in genealogy or research would never be able to sort it out. They use phrases like verified Métis ancestor for people who were born in Quebec and with no indigenous ancestry. Many of the families who were mixed bloods were living on Indian reserves. When the “rules” on enrollment started, the mixed bloods who stayed in Canada became non-status. Often these mixed bloods met and married US citizens. Some of them assimilated to the south, but many of them became part of US reservations. They aren’t Métis. Yes, there are some Métis in the mix. The list for Mattawa includes the well known Favel family. There is a Lhirondelle branch in Georgian Bay. The Rainy River families definitely had a connection to Manitoba. Considering $600,000+ was spent on this root ancestor project, I’m guessing it was commissioned to “let” people become Métis and to produce numbers. I know some of the grandfathered MNO members were eventually disallowed membership. They must have been part of the pre-1730s families from Quebec or in some cases had an Indian grandmother who was a white woman born in France or someone who was made up on the Internet. What a mess!”
September 1, 2022 a new report commissioned for the Wabun Tribal Council of Ontario in defense of their territorial titles against the MNO is published.
November 27, 2022 Link – Government must reject exaggerated claims of Métis heritage:
August 23, 2019 – Métis people in Ontario try to agree on governance – state up to 90% likely not Red River Metis
Metis lawyer, historian, Professor Darren O’Toole’s findings on the 2021 MNO registry review report.
May 15, 2024 Indigenous leaders pass declaration on Indigenous identity fraud at summit in Winnipeg
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